NIS 2025 · Cambridge AS & A Level 9618

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Custom 16-bit floating point (12m/4e) and Number Systems converter. Aligned with Cambridge 9618.

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Build and test logic circuits with AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR gates. Generate truth tables automatically.

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Complete NIS 2025 learning objectives — Grades 11 & 12

Grade 11 — Computer Science (CS)

Term 1

11.1A Data Representation

Topic	Learning Objectives
Number Systems	11.1.1.1 explain the differences between the binary, decimal and hexadecimal number systems 11.1.1.2 convert numbers between the binary, decimal and hexadecimal number systems 11.1.1.3 explain the advantages of using hexadecimal numbers in computer systems 11.1.1.4 perform arithmetic operations of addition and multiplication with binary numbers
Image & Sound Representation	11.1.1.5 explain how bitmap images are represented in terms of number of pixels, resolution, and color depth 11.1.1.6 calculate the size of a bitmap image file 11.1.1.9 describe the digital representation of sound in terms of sampling rate and resolution 11.1.1.10 explain why analogue sound data needs to be converted into binary digits 11.1.1.11 calculate the size of an audio data file
Text Representation (ASCII/Unicode)	11.1.1.7 compare Unicode and ASCII 11.1.1.8 calculate the number of bytes required to store a text fragment

11.1B Software & Operating Systems

Topic	Learning Objectives
Software Categories	11.3.1.1 classify software 11.3.1.2 describe the purpose of the OS, utilities, libraries, translators 11.3.1.3 describe the purpose of applications of subcategories: general purpose, special purpose, bespoke 11.3.1.4 justify the choice of software for the implementation of a new system
Operating Systems & Types	11.3.1.5 describe the main functions of operating systems 11.3.1.6 compare single-user and multi-user operating systems 11.3.1.7 compare single-tasking and multitasking operating systems 11.3.1.8 describe the features of a real-time operating system 11.3.1.9 describe the features of a network operating system 11.3.1.10 describe the features of a batch processing operating system
User Interfaces (GUI/CLI/NLI/GRI)	11.3.1.11 identify the advantages and disadvantages of graphical user interface (GUI) 11.3.1.12 identify the advantages and disadvantages of command line interface (CLI) 11.3.1.13 compare the graphical user interface (GUI) and the command line interface (CLI) 11.3.1.14 explain the advantages and disadvantages of Natural Language Interfaces (NLI) and Gesture Recognition Interfaces (GRI)
Hardware Requirements	11.3.2.1 determine the minimum hardware requirements for implementing a new system

11.1C System Development Life Cycle

Topic	Learning Objectives
SDLC Models	11.2.1.1 define the main stages of the system development life cycle 11.2.1.2 evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of system development models, including Waterfall, Agile and Spiral
Data Analysis	11.2.1.3 describe data collection methods 11.2.1.4 compare qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis 11.2.1.5 use data collection methods to develop a new system 11.2.1.6 compare alternative solutions to a problem

Term 2

11.2A System Design

Topic	Learning Objectives
Data Flow Diagram (DFD)	11.2.2.1 create a first-level data flow diagram (DFD) to represent input, processing, storage, and output in computing systems
Entity Relationship Diagrams	11.2.2.2 create entity-relationship diagrams (ERD)
Flowcharts	11.2.2.3 develop flowcharts to represent processes in computing systems
Prototyping	11.2.2.4 describe the advantages and disadvantages of using prototypes in system development 11.2.2.5 develop a prototype of a system interface, including input and output forms
System Implementation Methods	11.2.2.6 list the methods of system implementation 11.2.2.7 compare the advantages and disadvantages of system implementation methods

11.2B Databases & SQL

Topic	Learning Objectives
Relational Databases	11.4.1.1 describe relational databases and their purpose 11.4.1.2 use the terms "table", "attribute", "record", and "index" to describe databases 11.4.1.3 explain the difference between primary, foreign and composite keys 11.4.1.4 define data types in an SQL database 11.4.1.11 create a database with multiple tables for a new system
Data Dictionary	11.4.1.5 explain the purpose of a data dictionary 11.4.1.6 create a data dictionary for database tables
Normalization	11.4.1.7 describe the types of relationships between tables in a database 11.4.1.8 define relationships between tables in a relational database 11.4.1.9 list the normalisation rules for the first, second and third normal forms 11.4.1.10 normalise a database to the third normal form
SQL (DDL & DML)	11.4.2.1 compare data definition language (DDL) and data manipulation language (DML) 11.4.2.2 create a database structure using DDL commands: CREATE, ALTER and DROP 11.4.2.3 use SQL SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT and DELETE queries to manage data in a single table 11.4.2.4 use the SELECT command to extract data from multiple tables 11.4.2.5 use the ORDER BY command to sort the retrieved data from a query

Term 3

11.3A Algorithms and Data Structures

Topic	Learning Objectives
1D, 2D Arrays	11.5.2.1 write program code using a one-dimensional array 11.5.2.2 write program code using a two-dimensional array

11.3B Web Design

Topic	Learning Objectives
Web Page Structure	11.5.3.1 identify common elements of a web page structure
HTML/CSS	11.5.3.2 create an interface using HTML and CSS 11.5.3.4 create HTML forms for data entry
Site Navigation	11.5.3.3 implement site navigation
CSS Implementation Types	11.5.3.5 compare CSS implementation types 11.5.3.6 use CSS when designing a website

11.3C Programming and Testing Programs

Topic	Learning Objectives
Script: Selection & Iteration	11.5.4.1 use algorithmic selection structures in a script language 11.5.4.4 apply an iterative algorithmic structure in a script language
Validation & Verification	11.5.4.2 explain the difference between data verification and data validation 11.5.4.3 apply data verification and validation in program code
Script & Database	11.5.4.5 use a procedural scripting language to connect to a database 11.5.4.6 use a procedural scripting language to process HTML form data 11.5.4.7 write program code to add data to a database 11.5.4.8 write program code to extract data from a database
Good Programming Style	11.5.4.9 follow the rules of good programming style when writing program code
Testing (Normal/Boundary/Erroneous)	11.5.4.10 perform testing using normal data 11.5.4.11 perform testing using boundary data 11.5.4.12 perform testing using erroneous data
Program Errors (Syntax/Logical/Runtime)	11.5.4.13 describe a syntax error in program code 11.5.4.14 describe a logical error in program code 11.5.4.15 describe a runtime error in program code

Term 4

11.4A Information Security

Topic	Learning Objectives
Data Protection	11.1.2.1 explain the difference between data availability, data privacy and data integrity 11.1.2.2 describe physical risks of data loss
Backup & Mirroring	11.1.2.3 compare the use of data backup and disk mirroring for data protection
Malware & Protection Measures	11.1.2.4 analyse the problems caused by malware 11.1.2.5 describe data protection measures against malware
Firewalls	11.1.2.6 describe how a firewall protects a computer system

11.4B Artificial Intelligence

Topic	Learning Objectives
AI in Society	11.4.3.1 identify the advantages and disadvantages of using artificial intelligence in society
Virtual & Augmented Reality	11.4.3.2 explain the purpose of virtual and augmented reality
AI vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning	11.4.3.3 identify the differences between artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning

11.4C Communication and Networks

Topic	Learning Objectives
LAN & WAN / Intranet & Internet	11.6.1.1 compare the capabilities of local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN) 11.6.1.2 distinguish between the features of an Intranet and the Internet
Client-Server & Peer-to-Peer	11.6.1.3 distinguish between the features of client-server and peer-to-peer models
Wired & Wireless Connections	11.6.1.4 compare the advantages and disadvantages of wireless and wired connections
Network Topology	11.6.1.5 describe the advantages and disadvantages of network topologies: bus, ring, star, and mesh
Network Hardware	11.6.1.6 explain the purpose of network devices: repeater, hub, switch, router, and gateway
IP & MAC Address	11.6.2.1 describe the purpose of an IP address 11.6.2.2 describe the role of the MAC address in packet routing
URL & DNS	11.6.2.4 describe the purpose and organization of the Domain Name System (DNS) 11.6.2.5 describe the structure of a URL
Network Protocols	11.6.2.3 explain the role of network protocols (HTTP, FTP, POP3, SMTP, HTTPS, FTPS)
Recap game	For preparing to summative assessment.

Grade 11 — Programming (PROG)

Term 1

11.1A Introduction to Python

Topic	Learning Objectives
Output & Escape Sequences	11.1.1.1 organize data output 11.1.1.2 use the escape sequences with data output
Data Types & Type Conversion	11.1.1.3 distinguish between data types in Python 11.1.1.4 convert data types of variables
Input & Arithmetic Operations	11.1.1.5 organize keyboard inputs 11.1.1.6 use arithmetic operations when solving problems
Boolean Logic & Branching	11.1.1.7 apply logic operations to Boolean variables 11.1.1.8 use logical operations AND, OR, NOT in selection structure 11.1.1.9 implement the branching algorithm according to the flowchart
While Loop & Flowcharts	11.1.2.1 write program code using a While loop 11.1.2.2 implement a loop algorithm according to a flowchart
For Loop & Range	11.1.2.4 write program code using a For loop 11.1.2.5 define a range of values for a loop
Nested Loops	11.1.2.7 use nested loops when solving problems
Tracing & Debugging	11.1.2.3 trace program code 11.1.2.6 debug a program

Term 2

11.2A Collections and Data Structures

Topic	Learning Objectives
Creating Sets	11.2.1.1 create sets 11.2.1.2 use operations of adding, deleting, counting the number of elements
Set Operations & Comparison	11.2.1.3 apply operations to sets: union, intersection, subtraction, symmetric difference 11.2.1.4 compare sets
String Indexing & Slicing	11.2.2.1 perform access to the elements of strings, lists, tuples 11.2.2.2 use slicers to process the string
String Methods	11.2.2.3 apply functions and string processing methods
Creating Lists & split/join	11.2.3.1 create a list 11.2.3.2 organize the output of a string using the split() and join() methods
List Methods	11.2.3.3 apply functions and methods of processing lists
Tuples & Type Conversion	11.2.4.1 create a tuple 11.2.4.2 convert from one data structure to another

Term 3

11.3A Data structures (continuation)

Topic	Learning Objectives
Dictionaries	11.2.5.1 create a dictionary 11.2.5.2 search for data in a dictionary for a given key
List & String Methods	11.2.3.3 apply functions and methods of processing lists 11.2.2.3 apply functions and methods of processing strings

11.3B Functions

Topic	Learning Objectives
Functions	11.3.1.1 write code in a programming language using functions
Lambda & Applied Problems	11.3.2.1 write code in a programming language using lambda functions 11.4.3.2 solve applied problems of various subject areas

Term 4

11.4A Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

Topic	Learning Objectives
Classes & Objects	11.4.1.1 create classes and instances of classes 11.4.1.3 use special method __init__ to set default properties 11.4.1.2 develop methods for the class
Inheritance & Polymorphism	11.4.2.2 explain the concept of inheritance with examples 11.4.2.1 explain the concept of polymorphism with examples
Applied OOP Problems	11.4.3.1 decompose an applied task 11.4.3.2 solve applied problems of various subject areas

Grade 12 — Computer Science (CS)

Term 1

12.1A Artificial Intelligence

Topic	Learning Objectives
AI Applications	12.4.3.1 describe spheres where artificial intelligence is applied: industry, education, medicine, gaming industry, society 12.4.3.2 explain the purpose of virtual and augmented reality

12.1B Programming Paradigms

Topic	Learning Objectives
Declarative vs Imperative	12.5.1.1 compare declarative and imperative programming languages
Expert Systems	12.5.1.2 create a simple expert system
Program Compilation Stages	12.5.1.3 describe programme compilation stages: lexical and syntactic analysis, code generation, and optimization

12.1C System Testing

Topic	Learning Objectives
Testing Methods	12.5.3.2 perform testing using normal data 12.5.3.3 perform testing using extreme data 12.5.3.4 perform testing using erroneous data 12.5.3.1 describe execution errors at program startup 12.5.3.5 describe a syntax error in a program code 12.5.3.6 describe a logic error in a program code

Term 2

12.2A Information Security

Topic	Learning Objectives
Threats to Computer System	12.1.3.2 analyze problems arising due to malware, physical risks 12.1.3.1 analyze ethical problems arising due to computer system cracking
Data Protection Measures	12.1.2.1 describe protection measures for data and computer systems such as firewalls, encryption, biometrics
Backup & Disk Mirroring	12.1.2.2 use data protection measures such as data backup and disk mirroring
Protect Data from Unauthorized Access	12.1.2.3 protect data from unauthorized access
Privacy Policies	12.1.3.3 explain privacy policies 12.1.3.4 analyze problems arising due to disseminating and using information
Cloud Computing & E-Government	12.5.4.1 Describe what is meant by Cloud Technology and its benefits 12.5.4.2 Differentiate between types of cloud computing (Deployment and Service models) 12.5.4.3 Outline the purpose and functions of E-Government 12.5.4.4 Describe the different types of services available on the E-Gov portal

12.2B Creating Documentation

Topic	Learning Objectives
Formatting Project Documentation	12.2.1.1 use headers and footers when documenting a project 12.2.1.2 use footnotes when documenting a project 12.2.1.3 use tables when documenting a project
SDLC Documentation: User Guide & Evaluation	12.2.1.4 set page parameters when documenting a project 12.2.1.5 set page numbers when documenting a project 12.2.1.6 set indents and line spacing when documenting a project
Plagiarism Verification	12.1.3.5 check documents using antiplagiarism resources 12.1.3.6 list copyright protection rules

12.2C System Implementation

Topic	Learning Objectives
Implementation Methods	12.2.1.7 list system implementation methods 12.2.1.8 compare the advantages and disadvantages of system implementation methods
Installation & Implementation Plan	12.2.1.9 explain the importance of making a system implementation plan 12.2.1.10 make a system implementation plan

Term 3

12.3A Computer Systems

Topic	Learning Objectives
Types of Operating Systems	12.3.1.1 describe a real-time operating system 12.3.1.2 describe a network operating system 12.3.1.3 describe a batch processing operating system
User Interfaces	12.3.1.4 define the advantages and disadvantages of a graphical user interface (GUI) 12.3.1.5 define the advantages and disadvantages of a command-line interface (CLI) 12.3.1.6 define the advantages and disadvantages of natural-language and gesture-recognition user interfaces
Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle	12.3.2.5 explain three operations in a fetch-execute cycle (fetch / decode / execute)
System Bus	12.3.2.4 explain how data is transferred between different components through the address bus, data bus, and control bus
Clock Speed, Word Size & Bus Width	12.3.2.6 explain how the clock speed, word length, and bus width affect the performance
RISC vs CISC	12.3.2.1 describe the RISC architecture 12.3.2.2 describe the CISC architecture 12.3.2.3 compare RISC and CISC
Addressable Memory	12.3.4.1 explain the principle of memory addressing 12.3.4.2 explain the principle of storing programs and data
Paging & Segmentation	12.3.4.2 explain the principle of memory organization by segment and page
Virtual Machine	12.3.4.3 explain the concept of a virtual machine
Boolean Logic	12.3.3.2 build logical structures 12.3.3.4 analyze logical structures
Logic Laws	12.3.3.3 simplify logical expressions using the laws of logic

12.3B Data Presentation

Topic	Learning Objectives
Number Systems	12.1.1.1 convert a number from one number system to another 12.1.1.2 explain the advantages of using hexadecimal numbers in computer systems 12.1.1.3 perform the arithmetic operations: addition and multiplication of binary numbers
Two's Complement & Floating Point	12.1.1.4 represents positive and negative numbers in two's complement and specifies the range of n bits 12.1.1.5 perform subtraction using two's complement 12.1.1.6 use binary numbers with a fixed point to represent fractional numbers with a given number of bits 12.1.1.7 represent positive and negative floating-point decimal numbers in binary
Data Structures	12.5.2.1 describe the operation of stack and queue data structures 12.5.2.2 build a binary tree

12.3C Communication and Networks

Topic	Learning Objectives
Internet & the World Wide Web	12.6.2.1 distinguish features of the World Wide Web, Intranet and the Internet
OSI Model	12.6.1.2 describe the functions of the OSI network model layers
Circuit Switching & Packet Switching	12.6.1.1 explain the difference between packet switching and circuit switching
Packet Routing & MAC Addresses	12.6.2.2 describe the role of MAC addresses in packet routing 12.6.2.3 identify the MAC address of a computer

Term 4

12.4A Revision (Grade 11 Review)

Topic	Learning Objectives
Data Representation (Revision)	12.1.1.1 convert a number from one number system to another 12.1.1.4 represents positive and negative numbers in two's complement 12.1.1.5 perform subtraction using two's complement 12.1.1.6 use binary numbers with a fixed point 12.1.1.7 represent floating-point decimal numbers in binary
Information Security (Revision)	11.1.2.1 explain the difference between security, privacy and data integrity 11.1.2.3 describe data backup and disk mirroring 11.1.2.4 describe encryption and access rights 11.1.2.5 explain verification and validation 12.1.2.1 describe computer systems protection measures
Engineering & SDLC	11.2.2.3 describe the characteristics of a development framework 11.2.2.5 discuss the use of prototypes based on a specific example 11.2.2.6 develop a prototype for a new system 11.2.2.7 define minimum requirements for hardware when implementing solutions
Databases	11.4.1.1 describe relational databases and their purpose 11.4.1.2 use the terms attribute, object, index, record, table and tuple 11.4.1.3 explain the difference between primary, composite and foreign key 11.4.1.4 define data types when creating a database 11.4.1.5 define the connections between tables (1–3NF) 11.4.1.6 define the connections between tables 11.4.1.7 create an entity-relationship (ER) model
SQL Query Language	11.4.2.3 describe the basic SQL queries: CREATE, ALTER, DROP 11.4.2.4 use SQL queries: SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE 11.4.2.5 use SQL SELECT for data selection in multiple tables 11.4.2.1 explain the purpose of data dictionary
Programming Paradigms	11.5.1.1 distinguish between generations of programming languages 11.5.1.2 classify programming languages into low and high-level 11.5.1.3 analyze a simple program written in assembly language 11.5.1.4 use trace tables to verify the correctness of an algorithm 11.5.1.5 advantages and disadvantages of high-level languages 11.5.1.6 advantages and disadvantages of low-level languages 11.5.1.7 advantages and disadvantages of compilers 11.5.1.8 advantages and disadvantages of interpreters
Protocols	11.6.3.1 explain the role of protocols (HTTP, FTP, POP3, SMTP, HTTPS, FTPS) 11.6.3.2 explain the format of an IP address and how it is associated with a device 11.6.3.3 explain the difference between public and private IP addresses
Principles of Internet Operation	11.6.1.1 compare features of LAN and WAN 11.6.1.2 describe advantages and disadvantages of network topologies 11.6.1.3 explain the purpose of network equipment 11.6.2.1 describe the role of URL 11.6.2.2 describe the purpose of DNS 11.6.2.3 know the features of the client-server model

Grade 12 — Programming (PROG)

Term 1

12.1A Python Libraries

Topic	Learning Objectives
Random Library	12.6.1.1 use the functions of the library Random to get a pseudo-random number 12.6.1.3 identify code snippets that use random sequence generation
RGB Colors	12.6.2.1 determine standard colors by RGB code
PIL Image Basics	12.6.2.2 use commands of module Image in PIL library (load, create, size, save) to manipulate images
PIL Drawing Primitives	12.6.2.3 apply graphic primitives to create drawings
PIL Image Filters	12.6.2.4 create filters for image processing
Wave Library	12.6.3.1 use commands of the Wave library to process sound files

Term 2

12.2A PyGame

Topic	Learning Objectives
PyGame Setup & Window	12.5.1.1 connect the PyGame library and its modules 12.5.1.2 create the game window
Game Loop	12.5.1.3 code the game loop of the application
Drawing Primitives	12.5.2.1 output graphic primitives to the application window
Movement & Animation	12.5.3.1 code the movement of graphic objects 12.5.3.8 analyse the result of the programme execution
Mouse Control	12.5.3.3 control characters with the mouse

Term 3

12.3A PyGame (continuation)

Topic	Learning Objectives
Keyboard Control	12.5.3.4 control characters with the keyboard
Text & Scoring	12.5.2.4 display graphic text on the screen 12.5.3.7 implement an algorithm for calculating game results
Sprites & Characters	12.5.2.2 load ready-made characters for the game 12.5.3.5 define parameters (x, y, width, height) of the current state of the object
Collision & Movement	12.5.3.1 code the movement of graphic objects 12.5.3.6 check the relative position of objects on the screen
Full Game Implementation	12.5.3.9 implement the game in accordance with the scenario

Term 4

12.4A Chatbot Development

Topic	Learning Objectives
Types & Uses of Chatbots	12.6.4.1 define the types of chatbots 12.6.4.2 argue for the use of chatbots
APIs & Configuration	12.6.4.3 explain the meaning of the API 12.6.4.4 get API configuration for a chatbot
Keyword Database & Events	12.6.4.5 create a database of answers by keywords 12.6.4.6 process chat events

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Guides & Past Papers

Interactive Lab

Python Compiler

Data Representation Lab

Logic Gates

LMC Emulator

Full Syllabus

Grade 11 — Computer Science (CS)

Grade 11 — Programming (PROG)

Grade 12 — Computer Science (CS)

Grade 12 — Programming (PROG)

Learn CS with
mr. TEA